FREGE AND RUSSELL.
'Natural Numbers' - Words used to count. Created from Abstract Categories or Groups. "Plural" - Combination of Numbers/Words - Small Numbers different function to Large Numbers (logically reach up to 6/7 before start to count).
-(8545)- Basic Symbols Organised According to Syntax (inferred system of rules). Can be Analysed Through Division, etc. Addition and Multiplication as "Plurals of Plurals". Technology as innate part of Neurological Syntax. [CHOMSKY] A Basic Logical Language containing Limited Human Intelligence (predictive text, etc).
Three attitudes towards numbers:
1) They are natural and empirical/observed. [RUSSELL]
2) They are intuitive [PYTHAGORAS/PLATO] - Numbers are from a different world. "Supernatural".
3) They are abstract objects [FREGE] that modify meaning. Not something we learn so must be innate [CHOMSKY]
Apes able to distinguish Simple Plurality. 0 (the absence of a thing/"one thing"), 1 (one/enough/"more than one thing") and 2 (a lot/unlimited/more than one/"many things") - All are strong natural numbers.
Saturday, 16 February 2013
Monday, 11 February 2013
THE FREUD MUSEUM: A REVIEW
10.02.2013
[Written for NEW WINCHESTER REVIEW. Find the published article HERE.]
Situated in Maresfield Gardens in London, the museum remains a tribute to one of the most talked about philosophers of our time. It was in this house, old, rustic, antique, that Freud lived out the last year of his life until his death on 23rd September 1939. It remained occupied by his youngest daughter Anna Freud, the only of his six children to take up the study of psychoanalysis, up until 1982 and it was her request that it be turned into a museum to honour her late father's work.
[Written for NEW WINCHESTER REVIEW. Find the published article HERE.]
Situated in Maresfield Gardens in London, the museum remains a tribute to one of the most talked about philosophers of our time. It was in this house, old, rustic, antique, that Freud lived out the last year of his life until his death on 23rd September 1939. It remained occupied by his youngest daughter Anna Freud, the only of his six children to take up the study of psychoanalysis, up until 1982 and it was her request that it be turned into a museum to honour her late father's work.
Sunday, 3 February 2013
L1: "Phenomenology and Existentialism"
Existentialism. The rejection of DESCARTES. "I am, therefore I think" - We exist. There is no need for proof. [Anti-POPPER].
KANT and "The Critique of Pure Reason" [1781] Existence has no purpose, it is just necessary; a pre-condition of consciousness. As we exist, we constantly change and mutate. Our consciousness is subjective (based on the moods of the moment) and aposteriori in nature.
HUSSERL and Phenomenology (consciousness without reference to external). "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" [1874] The metaphysical view that our essence is embodied. Abolition of mind and matter. Instead, mind over matter. Phenomena is presented to us through consciousness as a "thing in itself" (independent).
HEIDEGGER - "Being and Time" [1927] saw the end of the metaphysical outlook. He disagreed with HUSSERL - objects are not independent from mind, instead, they are a refection of consciousness. Objects exist only in the mind. Therefore, there can be no "absolute truth" DESCARTES - No difference between dream and reality.
DASEIN: "way of being"/"being there" (German) Reflective of the perceiver's mood. HEIDEGGERS PROJECT - to live subjectively; an 'authentic life'. Rejection of all philosophy since SOCRATES. ROUSSEAU - to break free from industrial chains.
KANT and "The Critique of Pure Reason" [1781] Existence has no purpose, it is just necessary; a pre-condition of consciousness. As we exist, we constantly change and mutate. Our consciousness is subjective (based on the moods of the moment) and aposteriori in nature.
HUSSERL and Phenomenology (consciousness without reference to external). "Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint" [1874] The metaphysical view that our essence is embodied. Abolition of mind and matter. Instead, mind over matter. Phenomena is presented to us through consciousness as a "thing in itself" (independent).
HEIDEGGER - "Being and Time" [1927] saw the end of the metaphysical outlook. He disagreed with HUSSERL - objects are not independent from mind, instead, they are a refection of consciousness. Objects exist only in the mind. Therefore, there can be no "absolute truth" DESCARTES - No difference between dream and reality.
DASEIN: "way of being"/"being there" (German) Reflective of the perceiver's mood. HEIDEGGERS PROJECT - to live subjectively; an 'authentic life'. Rejection of all philosophy since SOCRATES. ROUSSEAU - to break free from industrial chains.
Friday, 25 January 2013
SIV STØLDAL FULL INTERVIEW.
So, I make my move into Features this semester as the Editor of WINOL Travel and Adventure Magazine.
This week, I decided to write a fashion piece for ABSOLUTE:LY Magazine. See the full article HERE.
[27.12.12]
Firstly, could you give us some information about your fashion label?
"At the moment I'm doing a fashion label called 'HAiK'... spelt in the Norwegian way it means to hitchhike. It's a collaboration between three designers, me and Ida Falck Øien and Harald Lunde Helgesen who are two other fashion designers that are from Norway. Harald lives in London and Ida... lives in LA and I live now in Norway, so we decided to create this label together where we investigate a certain theme from three different angles and three different locations. It is also a collaboration on two other levels... we invite other designers and artists and other collaborators like filmmakers who would contribute to a certain theme to also help make the collection and everything around the collection"
This week, I decided to write a fashion piece for ABSOLUTE:LY Magazine. See the full article HERE.
[27.12.12]
Firstly, could you give us some information about your fashion label?
"At the moment I'm doing a fashion label called 'HAiK'... spelt in the Norwegian way it means to hitchhike. It's a collaboration between three designers, me and Ida Falck Øien and Harald Lunde Helgesen who are two other fashion designers that are from Norway. Harald lives in London and Ida... lives in LA and I live now in Norway, so we decided to create this label together where we investigate a certain theme from three different angles and three different locations. It is also a collaboration on two other levels... we invite other designers and artists and other collaborators like filmmakers who would contribute to a certain theme to also help make the collection and everything around the collection"
Friday, 14 December 2012
CRITICAL REFLECTION.
“Our critics are our greatest lovers because they show us our faults” [NIETZSCHE]
WINOL has become one of the most credible sources of independent Journalism by University students in Winchester. Over the past three months it has slowly overtaken Goldsmith University’s ‘eastlondonlines’ publication with WINOL’s global rank being #468,755 and #9,904 in the UK compared with Goldsmith’s #608,768 and #27,074. Again, with local news site thisiswinchester.co.uk (Hampshire Chronicle) we see a dramatic difference; #887,317 in global rank and #40,478 in the UK. [Alexa.com, 13.12.12]
The WINOL website has witnessed a dramatic redesign this semester with a vast improvement seen in News and Features. Content is now being updated daily compared to weekly with our live, independent Twitter account displayed on the front page, generating 1,025 followers [13.12.12] compared to approximately 650 at the start of the semester. Tabs at the top make for easier navigation around the site, including links to our latest bulletin so that the public can get a taste of WINOL as whole. We also broadcasted our first daily news bulletin “99 NEWS”. This was a highly ambitious project as it ran alongside our weekly bulletin.
Tuesday, 11 December 2012
L5: "The Freudian Consciousness"
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)
"The secret antagonist of the intellect" The misery of the human condition. People alienated. [MARX] Sex becomes important in the Media as motivator. People no longer considered noble creatures. Challenges Enlightenment.
The Freudian Personality. ID. From birth. Aim to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Demands fulfilment. "Spoilt Brat" EGO. Reality and Reason. Rational. The least powerful part of the personality. SUPEREGO. Socialisation. Person punished with guilt. Attempting to live up to impossible standards of perfection. Society as collective.
Psychoanalysis. The exchange of words between patient and doctor. Believed he discovered the 'archaeology' of the mind. Dreams as the 'royal road' to the unconscious. Reveal real problems. The existence of a "subconscious". Method aims to try and distract/contain the ID. No real satisfaction unless destroying enemy.
"The poets and philosophers before me discovered the unconscious. What I discovered was the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied" [FREUD]
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| [Image available under Wikimedia Commons] |
The Freudian Personality. ID. From birth. Aim to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Demands fulfilment. "Spoilt Brat" EGO. Reality and Reason. Rational. The least powerful part of the personality. SUPEREGO. Socialisation. Person punished with guilt. Attempting to live up to impossible standards of perfection. Society as collective.
Psychoanalysis. The exchange of words between patient and doctor. Believed he discovered the 'archaeology' of the mind. Dreams as the 'royal road' to the unconscious. Reveal real problems. The existence of a "subconscious". Method aims to try and distract/contain the ID. No real satisfaction unless destroying enemy.
"The poets and philosophers before me discovered the unconscious. What I discovered was the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied" [FREUD]
Friday, 30 November 2012
More Economics.
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES (1883-1946)
Assigned reading "Introduction by PAUL KRUGMAN to 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money' by JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES".
"I find it helpful to describe it as a meal that begins with a delectable appetizer and ends with a delightful dessert, but whose main course consists of rather tough meat" [KRUGMAN on "The General Theory"]
We are all Keynesians.
KEYNES was writing during the 1930's when America was going through a "deflationary gap", of which there was more goods than money. Resources appeared to be limitless which led to advancements in mechanised agriculture. With new invention came new investment. "The Money Effect" - Money has the power to affect human behaviour.
His Economic Philosophy was that 'money matters'. The economy should remain in a stable state of "Equilibrium" whereby the amount of money should match the amount of goods. In the event of a recession, for example, the economy goes through a process of "Disequilibrium" A products value increases as the money supply pumped into the economy decreases. This leads to negative economic growth.
Assigned reading "Introduction by PAUL KRUGMAN to 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money' by JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES".
"I find it helpful to describe it as a meal that begins with a delectable appetizer and ends with a delightful dessert, but whose main course consists of rather tough meat" [KRUGMAN on "The General Theory"]
We are all Keynesians.
KEYNES was writing during the 1930's when America was going through a "deflationary gap", of which there was more goods than money. Resources appeared to be limitless which led to advancements in mechanised agriculture. With new invention came new investment. "The Money Effect" - Money has the power to affect human behaviour.
His Economic Philosophy was that 'money matters'. The economy should remain in a stable state of "Equilibrium" whereby the amount of money should match the amount of goods. In the event of a recession, for example, the economy goes through a process of "Disequilibrium" A products value increases as the money supply pumped into the economy decreases. This leads to negative economic growth.
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